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MAIGH MALHAAR
Pakistan's first
web publication on classical music |
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Lists of String, Wind and Percussion Instruments
Profiles of Wind instruments with pictures and sound samples
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Dilruba
Esraj
Gottuvadhyam
Rudra Vina
Santoor
Sarangi
Saraswati Veena
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Sarod
Sitar
Surbahar
Tanpura
Veena
Vichitra Veena
Violin Common
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Bansuri
Flute
Harmonium
Nagaswaram
Shehnai
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Dholak
Ghatam
Khanjira
Mridangam
Pakhawaj
Tabla
Thalam
Thavil
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The bansuri (bans [bamboo] + swar [musical note] is a transverse alto flute made of a single length of bamboo and has six or seven open finger holes. There are no keys to produce sharps and flats, therefore all accidentals and microtones, as well as meend (glissandi) and other ornaments, so important to Indian classical music, are produced by a unique fingering technique.
Although the bansuri is among the most ancient musical instruments of India, its status as a concert instrument for north Indian classical music is a relatively recent phenomenon. This favorite instrument of shepherds and folk musicians for thousands of years was brought into the fold of Hindustani classical music by the legendary maestro, the late Pt Pannalal Ghosh .
Previously the bamboo flute of North India had been a soprano instrument usually no more than fourteen inches long and was used for short classical pieces, light music or accompaniment. Pannalal Ghosh's innovations in the development of the bansuri included the creation of a larger instrument of more than thirty inches in length, (thus giving the bansuri its characteristic somber-yet-sweet tone and register, so suitable for Hindustani classical music), and the addition of the seventh finger hole (which extends the range of the instrument, while also allowing for the more accurate rendition of many ragas) and the development of the bass bansuri. Perhaps Pannalal Ghosh's greatest contribution however was his insightful adaptation of the classical vocal style and its presentation on the bansuri. A consummate artist who's virtuosity was equaled by the depth of his understanding, Pandit Pannalal Ghosh singlehandedly elevated the status of the bansuri to that of an instrument capable of expressing the sublime and wondrous nature of the classical vocal style.
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The flute or Venu is a characteristic accompanying feature of semi classical music and a popular solo instrument in Carnatic music. The enchanting tone of flute is said to have captivated many a heart, and the flute is hence considered a divine instrument. It has been in use from vedic periods. Made of bamboo, the pitch of the instrument can be altered by changing the size of the instrument. The western flute offers multiple pitches/tones, while the Indian one is manufactured for a single pitch.
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The harmonium is also known as peti or baja. This instrument is not a native Indian instrument. It is a European instrument which was imported in the last century. It is a reed organ with hand pumped bellows. Although it is a relatively recent introduction, it has spread throughout the subcontinent. Today, it is used in virtually every musical genre except the classical.
Although this is a European invention, it has evolved into a truly bicultural instrument. The keyboard is European, but it has a number of drone reeds which are particularly Indian. European models came in both hand pumped and foot pumped models. The foot pumped models disappeared in India many years ago. This is because the foot pedals required one to sit in a chair; something which is unusual for an Indian musician. Also the only advantage of the foot model was that it freed both hands so that both melody and chords could be played. Indian music has no chords, so this was no advantage. Although the hand pumped models required one hand to pump they were more portable and comfortable when played on the floor.
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The shehnai is a north Indian oboe. Although it is referred to as a double-reeded instrument it is actually a quadruple-reed instrument. This is because it has two upper reeds and two lower reeds. The instrument has a wooden body with a brass bell. The reed is attached to a brass tube which is wrapped in string. The shehnai has eight holes but it is common to find some of the holes partially or completely occluded with wax. The sound of the shehnai is considered particularly auspicious. For this reason it is found in temples and is an indispensable component of any North Indian wedding. In the past, shehnai was part of the naubat or traditional ensembles of nine instruments found at royal courts. Till recently it was used only in temples and weddings. The credit for bringing this instrument on the classical stage goes to Ustad Bismillah Khan.
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